🔹 Sepsis and Septic Shock

🔹 Antibiotic Stewardship

• Empiric vs targeted therapy
• De-escalation strategy
• Antibiotic dosing in AKI, CRRT, ECMO
• Time-dependent vs concentration-dependent antibiotics
• MIC and PK/PD principles
• Role of procalcitonin and CRP in antibiotic decisions

🔹 Common ICU Infections

• Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP):
• Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
• Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI)
• Surgical site infections (SSI): timing of prophylactic antibiotics
• Aspiration pneumonia

🔹 Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs)

• ESBL, CRE, MRSA, VRE: identification and treatment
• Colistin: pharmacology, nephrotoxicity, dosing
• Novel agents: ceftazidime-avibactam, meropenem-vaborbactam

🔹 Fungal Infections in ICU

• Invasive candidiasis
• Aspergillosis
• Mucormycosis

🔹 Viral Infections in ICU

• COVID-19: ARDS, cytokine storm, antivirals, corticosteroids, anticoagulation
• Herpesviruses: HSV encephalitis, CMV in immunocompromised
• Influenza: complications, antiviral therapy (oseltamivir)
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers

🔹 Immunocompromised Hosts

• Febrile neutropenia: MASCC score, empirical therapy
• Opportunistic infections: PCP, toxoplasmosis, CMV, TB reactivation
• Prophylactic antimicrobials in transplant/oncology patients
• Infection control measures

🔹 Tropical and Zoonotic Infections

• Malaria
• Scrub typhus
• Leptospirosis
• Dengue
• Enteric fever, brucellosis, rickettsial diseases

🔹 Meningitis and Encephalitis

• Bacterial meningitis
• Viral encephalitis: HSV, anti-NMDAR encephalitis
• TB meningitis
• Brain abscess

🔹 Nosocomial endocarditis in ICU (catheter-associated)

🔹 Infection Control in ICU

• Hand hygiene, contact precautions
• Isolation protocols (airborne, droplet)
• Environmental cleaning
• Surveillance cultures and infection audits

🔹 Vaccination in ICU Settings

• Role in immunocompromised patients and healthcare workers
• Tetanus, rabies, pneumococcus, influenza