Cardiac Anesthesia

Tetralogy of fallot Introduction Prevalence Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) occurs in 5% to 10% of all CHDs. This is the most common cyanotic heart defect. The classic description of TOF includes the following four abnormalities: VSD, pulmonary stenosis (PS), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and overriding of the aorta. From a physiologic point of view, TOF

Introduction For a patient with known coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery, the anaesthetic goal is to prevent myocardial ischemia, maintain coronary perfusion, and avoid major hemodynamic swings. Preoperative Assessment of Patient with History of CAD • Determine the coronary artery disease history and duration of the CAD. • An acute MI is one that

Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment Introduction The aim of preoperative cardiac risk assessment is to identify patients at increased risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications. To detect any active or unstable cardiovascular disease requiring evaluation or treatment prior to surgery. Used to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Used to assess the functional capacity.

1. Introduction The circulation of blood from the placenta to and through the fetus and back to the placenta is known as fetal circulation. It is a parallel circuit, unlike adult circulation, which is a serial circuit. Both the right and left ventricles pump blood in parallel to the systemic and placental circuits, rather than