Cardiac Anesthesia

Preoperative Cardiac Risk Assessment Introduction The aim of preoperative cardiac risk assessment is to identify patients at increased risk of perioperative cardiovascular complications. To detect any active or unstable cardiovascular disease requiring evaluation or treatment prior to surgery. Used to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Used to assess the functional capacity. […]

1. Introduction The circulation of blood from the placenta to and through the fetus and back to the placenta is known as fetal circulation. It is a parallel circuit, unlike adult circulation, which is a serial circuit. Both the right and left ventricles pump blood in parallel to the systemic and placental circuits, rather than