🔹 Diabetes and Glucose Control in ICU

• Stress hyperglycemia
• Glycemic targets in ICU: NICE-SUGAR trial
• Insulin protocols: IV insulin infusion, transition to SC insulin
• Hypoglycemia: prevention, protocols
• HbA1c in ICU: diagnostic value vs limitations

🔹 Diabetic Emergencies

• Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
• Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)

🔹 Thyroid Disorders in ICU

• Thyroid storm
• Myxedema coma
• Non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS)

🔹 Adrenal Disorders

• Adrenal insufficiency in critical illness (CIRCI)
• Addisonian crisis
• Cushing’s syndrome in ICU (rare)

🔹 Electrolyte Emergencies

• Hyponatremia
• Hypernatremia:
• Hypo-/Hyperkalemia
• Hypo-/Hypercalcemia
• Hypo-/Hypermagnesemia

🔹 Pituitary Disorders

• Pituitary apoplexy
• Sheehan’s syndrome presenting in ICU
• Hypopituitarism in ICU

🔹 Pheochromocytoma Crisis

🔹 Endocrine Tumors & Paraneoplastic Syndromes

• SIADH from small cell lung cancer
• Ectopic ACTH production (Cushing’s syndrome)
• Insulinoma: hypoglycemia with high insulin levels
• VIPoma, glucagonoma: rare but relevant

🔹 Endocrine Aspects of Sepsis & Critical Illness

• CIRCI in sepsis
• Insulin resistance and anabolic resistance in prolonged ICU stays
• Endocrine dysfunction in brain death (panhypopituitarism)