ENDOCRINOLOGY TOPICS

1️⃣ Pituitary Disorders

A. Anatomy & Physiology

  • Hypothalamic–pituitary axis
  • Hormonal feedback loops
  • Dynamic endocrine testing principles

B. Hyperpituitarism

  • Prolactinoma
  • Acromegaly
  • Cushing’s disease
  • TSH-secreting adenoma

C. Hypopituitarism

  • Non-functioning adenoma
  • Sheehan’s syndrome
  • Craniopharyngioma
  • Empty sella syndrome

D. Diabetes Insipidus & SIADH

  • Central diabetes insipidus
  • Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
  • Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion(SIADH)

2️⃣ Thyroid Disorders

A. Hyperthyroidism

  • Graves’ disease
  • Toxic multinodular goitre
  • Thyroiditis 
  • Thyroid storm

B. Hypothyroidism

  • Hashimoto thyroiditis
  • Subclinical hypothyroidism
  • Myxoedema coma

C. Thyroid Nodules

  • Red flags for malignancy
  • FNAC interpretation
  • Thyroid cancer types:
    • Papillary
    • Follicular
    • Medullary
    • Anaplastic

D. Thyroid Function Tests 

  • Sick euthyroid syndrome
  • Drug effects (amiodarone, lithium)
  • Pregnancy physiology

3️⃣ Parathyroid & Calcium Disorders

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism
  • Secondary hyperparathyroidism
  • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
  • Hypocalcaemia
  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Pseudohypoparathyroidism
  • Vitamin D metabolism


4️⃣ Adrenal Disorders

A. Cushing Syndrome

B. Adrenal Insufficiency

  • Addison’s disease
  • Secondary adrenal insufficiency
  • Adrenal crisis

C. Pheochromocytoma

D. Primary Hyperaldosteronism

  • Conn’s syndrome
  • Aldosterone-renin ratio

E. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

  • 21-hydroxylase deficiency


5️⃣ Diabetes Mellitus

A. Classification

  • Type 1
  • Type 2
  • MODY
  • Secondary diabetes

B. Acute Complications

  • Diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state
  • Hypoglycaemia

C. Chronic Complications

  • Nephropathy
  • Neuropathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Macrovascular disease

D. Diabetes Management (UK NICE based)


6️⃣ Gonadal Disorders

A. Male

  • Hypogonadism 
  • Klinefelter syndrome
  • Erectile dysfunction

B. Female

  • Polycystic ovary syndrome
  • Premature ovarian failure
  • Hyperprolactinaemia

7️⃣ Endocrine Hypertension

  • Primary hyperaldosteronism
  • Cushing syndrome
  • Pheochromocytoma
  • Acromegaly
  • Thyrotoxicosis

8️⃣ Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 

  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2

9️⃣ Bone & Metabolic Disorders

  • Osteoporosis
  • Osteomalacia
  • Paget disease of bone
  • Renal osteodystrophy

🔟 Lipid & Metabolic Syndrome

  • Familial hypercholesterolemia
  • Hypertriglyceridemia
  • Statin therapy indications