🔹 Sepsis and Septic Shock

• Gram-positive vs gram-negative bacteremia
• Primary vs secondary bloodstream infections
• Sepsis
• ESBL, CRE, MRSA, VRE: identification and treatment

🔹 Antibiotic Stewardship

• Empiric vs targeted therapy
• De-escalation strategy
• Antibiotic dosing in AKI, CRRT, ECMO
• Time-dependent vs concentration-dependent antibiotics
• MIC and PK/PD principles
• Procalcitonin
• Role of CRP in antibiotic decisions

🔹 Common ICU Infections

• Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
• Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
• Catheter-associated UTI (CAUTI)
• Surgical site infections (SSI)
• Cellulitis with sepsis
• Necrotizing fasciitis
• Gas gangrene
• Pyomyositis
• Septic arthritis
• Osteomyelitis with sepsis
• Toxic Shock Syndrome

🔹 Common Antibiotics in ICU

• Amikacin
• Piperacillin–Tazobactam
• Ceftriaxone
• Ceftazidime
• Cefepime
• Metronidazole
• Azithromycin
• Doxycycline
• Colistin
• Polymyxin
• Linezolid
• Vancomycin
• Teicoplanin
• Tigecycline
• Ceftazidime-avibactam
• Aztreonam
• Meropenem
• meropenem-vaborbactam
• Imipenem-relebactam
• Cefiderocol

🔹 Fungal Infections in ICU

• Candidiasis
• Aspergillosis
• Mucormycosis
• Amphotericin
• Caspofungin
• Fluconazole

🔹 Viral Infections in ICU

• COVID-19
• HSV
• CMV 
• Influenza
• Viral hemorrhagic fevers

🔹 Immunocompromised Hosts

• Febrile neutropenia
• Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
• Toxoplasmosis
• TB reactivation
• Prophylactic antimicrobials in transplant/oncology patients
• Infection control measures

🔹 Tropical and Zoonotic Infections

• Malaria
• Scrub typhus
• Leptospirosis
• Dengue
• Enteric fever
• Brucellosis
• Rickettsial diseases

• Kala Azar

🔹 Meningitis and Encephalitis

• Bacterial meningitis
• Viral encephalitis
• TB meningitis
• Brain abscess

🔹 Nosocomial endocarditis in ICU (catheter-associated)

🔹 Infection Control in ICU

• Hand hygiene, contact precautions
• Isolation protocols (airborne, droplet)
• Environmental cleaning
• Surveillance cultures and infection audits

🔹 Vaccination in ICU Settings

• Role in immunocompromised patients and healthcare workers
• Tetanus, rabies, pneumococcus, influenza