Decode Medicine from OPD to ICU rounds
Status Epilepticus (SE) ILAE Operational Definition (2015) Status epilepticus is:Generalized tonic-clonic seizure that either lasts >5 minutes or occurs multiple times without regaining normal mental status in between. Or Focal seizure with impaired awareness that lasts >10 minutes. Two time points are defined: t1 (Time to Start Treatment)-When seizure is unlikely to stop spontaneously. t2 […]
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Tetralogy of fallot Introduction Prevalence Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) occurs in 5% to 10% of all CHDs. This is the most common cyanotic heart defect. The classic description of TOF includes the following four abnormalities: VSD, pulmonary stenosis (PS), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and overriding of the aorta. From a physiologic point of view, TOF
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1. Definition & Basic Facts Feature Detail Origin Greek word for “dance” Definition Hyperkinetic involuntary movement — non-rhythmic, jerky, semi-purposeful, random and flowing in nature Site of lesion Caudate nucleus (striatum) Hemiballism → contralateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) Parakinesia Chorea camouflaged by blending it into seemingly voluntary gestures (touching face, adjusting glasses) Motor impersistence Cannot sustain
VENTILATION STRATEGIES IN CHILDREN INTRODUCTION Mechanical ventilation is one of the most commonly used organ-support therapies in paediatric intensive care and anaesthesia. Children differ significantly from adults in respiratory anatomy, lung mechanics, chest wall compliance, airway calibre, oxygen consumption, and respiratory muscle function. Consequently, ventilation strategies derived from adult studies cannot be simply extrapolated to
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Sub-Dissociative Dose Ketamine (SDK) in Pain Management 1. Pharmacology & Mechanism of Action Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. In sub-dissociative analgesic doses (0.1–0.3 mg/kg IV), ketamine blocks NMDA-mediated central sensitization, wind-up phenomenon, and hyperalgesia without inducing general anesthesia or procedural dissociation. 2. Dosing Spectrum & Clinical Administration Dosing Category Intravenous Dose Range Primary
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Local Anesthetics in Pain Management: Pharmacology & Safety Protocols 1. Mechanism of Action & Nerve Blockade Local anesthetics prevent conduction of nerve impulses by reversibly binding to the intracellular domain of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels. By stabilizing the inactivated state, local anesthetics inhibit rapid depolarization and action potential propagation in peripheral nerve fibers (C >
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Introduction For a patient with known coronary artery disease undergoing non-cardiac surgery, the anaesthetic goal is to prevent myocardial ischemia, maintain coronary perfusion, and avoid major hemodynamic swings. Preoperative Assessment of Patient with History of CAD • Determine the coronary artery disease history and duration of the CAD. • An acute MI is one that
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COELIAC DISEASE AT A GLANCE Domain Key point Definition Immune-mediated systemic disorder triggered by gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. Trigger Wheat, barley, and rye; gluten exposure is required for accurate diagnostic testing unless a validated alternative pathway is being used First-line test tTG-IgA plus total serum IgA plus total serum IgA while the patient is
SCAPE — Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema What is SCAPE? SCAPE = Sympathetic Crashing Acute Pulmonary Edema It represents the extreme end of the acute heart-failure/pulmonary-edema spectrum, characterized by: abrupt onset severe dyspnea severe respiratory distress marked sympathetic activation usually severe hypertension tachycardia diaphoresis agitation/anxiety hypoxemia diffuse pulmonary edema very rapid clinical deterioration The patient
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PERICARDITIS Definition Pericarditis = inflammation of the pericardium, usually involving the visceral and parietal pericardial layers. Clinically, pericardial inflammation may occur with or without pericardial effusion. Anatomy relevant to pericarditis The pericardium consists of: Fibrous pericardium Tough outer layer Limits acute cardiac dilatation Anchors heart to diaphragm, sternum and great vessels Serous pericardium Parietal layer