Critical Care

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

Hemat Critical Care /

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) Definition Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) — also known as Immune Thrombocytopenia — is an acquired autoimmune disorder characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100,000/µL)  It is a diagnosis of exclusion — no other cause of thrombocytopenia should be present. Hematologist Referral is must Classification Type Description Primary ITP Isolated thrombocytopenia without […]

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura Read More »

Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema

Neuro Critical Care, Pulmonology Critical care /

Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema(NPE) Introduction Neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) is an acute pulmonary edema syndrome occurring after a severe acute CNS insult, particularly when the neurological event causes an abrupt rise in intracranial pressure and/or massive sympathetic activation. It can be confused with: aspiration pneumonitis cardiogenic pulmonary edema ARDS pneumonia fluid overload pulmonary embolism NPE may

Neurogenic Pulmonary Edema Read More »

Acute Decompensated Heart Failure

Cardiac Critical care /

 Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) What is ADHF? Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF) is the rapid onset or worsening of signs and symptoms of heart failure requiring urgent therapy and often hospitalization. It may occur as: De novo HF (newly diagnosed) Acute decompensation of chronic HF Progression to cardiogenic shock Major guidelines: American Heart Association

Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Read More »

CONSTIPATION IN ICU

Gastro and HepatoBilliary Critical Care​ /

CONSTIPATION IN ICU  1.  DEFINITION (No universal consensus) Most ICU studies define constipation as: No bowel movement for ≥3 days OR need for rescue laxatives/enema OR hard stools / difficult evacuation 2.  EPIDEMIOLOGY Incidence: 15–83% (very common in ICU) Higher in: Mechanically ventilated patients Sedated/paralyzed patients Opioid use Enteral feeding patients 3.  WHY IT MATTERS

CONSTIPATION IN ICU Read More »

HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA

Fluid and Electrolytes /

HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA  Hyperphosphatemia = Serum phosphate > 4.5 mg/dL (1.45 mmol/L) in adults Severity Serum Phosphate Mild 4.6–6 mg/dL Moderate 6–9 mg/dL Severe >9–10 mg/dL  Life-threatening when associated with: Hypocalcemia Arrhythmias Acute kidney injury Tumor lysis syndrome Normal Phosphate Physiology  Distribution 85% – bone (hydroxyapatite) 14% – intracellular <1% – extracellular (measured serum phosphate) Normal Serum

HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA Read More »

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis

General ICU Care /

Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis  What Does an ABG Measure? Parameter Normal arterial value significance pH 7.35–7.45 Overall acid–base status PaCO₂ 35–45 mmHg Respiratory component / alveolar ventilation PaO₂ 80–100 mmHg in young adult on room air Oxygenation SaO₂ ~95–100% Arterial Hb oxygen saturation HCO₃⁻ 22–26 mEq/L HCO₃⁻(actual) → bicarbonate at the patient’s actual PaCO₂

Arterial Blood Gas Analysis Read More »

Uremic Encephalopathy

Nephro Critical care /

Uremic Encephalopathy Definition Uremic encephalopathy is an organic brain syndrome caused by accumulation of uremic toxins and associated metabolic abnormalities in renal failure. It may occur with: Severe AKI Advanced CKD/kidney failure Acute deterioration of CKD Inadequate dialysis Missed dialysis sessions Dialysis-access dysfunction causing inadequate clearance It is generally associated with severe reduction in renal

Uremic Encephalopathy Read More »

Acute Liver Failure

Gastro and HepatoBilliary Critical Care​ /

Acute Liver Failure (ALF)  Acute liver failure (ALF) is one of the few true medical emergencies in critical care. It is characterized by rapid loss of hepatic function, resulting in coagulopathy and hepatic encephalopathy in a patient without pre-existing cirrhosis, leading to profound metabolic, hemodynamic, neurologic, immunologic, and multiorgan derangements. For the intensivist, management revolves

Acute Liver Failure Read More »

Hypocalcemia

Fluid and Electrolytes /

Hypocalcemia Hypocalcemia is a reduction in serum ionized calcium, the biologically active form of calcium.calcium should not be checked daily as an “ICU routine.”Total calcium is useful for screening but is an unreliable indicator of ionized calcium, as ionized calcium is affected by factors such as pH, albumin, sodium, and phosphate concentrations.   Calcium exists

Hypocalcemia Read More »

Prone Ventilation

Pulmonology Critical care /

Prone Ventilation (Prone Positioning)  The landmark:PROSEVA Trial(2013)  Demonstrated significant mortality reduction in severe ARDS when: Used early Used for prolonged periods-at least 16 hours a day for 4-5 days on average (i.e. for ~ 70-75% of the time) Combined with lung-protective ventilation Since then, prone positioning became standard care for severe ARDS. Physiological Basis Why

Prone Ventilation Read More »

Scroll to Top