Anesthesia

Pediatric airway anatomy and assessment

Pediatric Anesthesia /

Paediatric Airway Anatomy and Assessment Introduction Paediatric airway management differs significantly from adult airway management because of unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. A relatively large tongue, cephalad larynx, compliant airway structures, and limited oxygen reserves predispose children to airway obstruction and rapid desaturation. Understanding these differences and performing a systematic airway assessment are essential for […]

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Nociceptors and Pain Fiber Classification

Pain and Palliative Care Anesthesia /

Nociceptor Classification and Molecular Transduction Clinical Pearls & Key Takeaways •  Temporal Distinction: The dichotomy between ‘first’ and ‘second’ pain is purely a function of conduction velocities between fast myelinated Aδ and slow unmyelinated C fibres. •  Molecular Transduction: TRPV1 acts as a non-selective gating channel responsive to heat and local acidosis, whereas mechanical noxious

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Pre anesthetic Check up

Must Know Anesthesia Topics /

Pre-Anaesthetic Check-up (PAC) Objectives of PAC The Pre-Anaesthetic Check-up (PAC) is a systematic evaluation performed before anaesthesia to assess the patient’s current health status, identify potential preoperative risks, optimise the patient, and formulate an individualised anaesthetic plan. The main objectives are: Assess the patient’s current health status Identify existing medical conditions and their severity. Assess

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Fetal Circulation

Cardiac Anesthesia /

1. Introduction The circulation of blood from the placenta to and through the fetus and back to the placenta is known as fetal circulation. It is a parallel circuit, unlike adult circulation, which is a serial circuit. Both the right and left ventricles pump blood in parallel to the systemic and placental circuits, rather than

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Neurotransmitters in Pain

Pain and Palliative Care Anesthesia /

Neurotransmitters in Pain Neurotransmitter Role in Pain Modulation Mechanism of Action Glutamate Primary excitatory neurotransmitter; mediates nociceptive signal transmission in the spinal cord and brain. Activates NMDA and AMPA receptors, facilitating excitatory neurotransmission and central sensitization. Substance P Facilitates pain transmission and inflammation by promoting neurogenic inflammation and sensitization. Binds to neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors; increases

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Pain Assessment

Pain and Palliative Care Anesthesia /

Pain Assessment Tools & Scales 1. Core Principles of Pain Assessment Pain is inherently subjective, making self-reporting the gold standard of pain assessment whenever possible. However, the inability to communicate verbally does not negate the possibility that a patient is experiencing pain. Modern clinical guidelines (such as the PADIS guidelines) emphasize a hierarchical approach to

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Referred Pain

Pain and Palliative Care Anesthesia /

Referred Pain and Dermatomes  Referred Pain: Pathophysiology & Mechanisms Referred pain is a phenomenon where pain is perceived in an area remote from the site of the actual nociceptive stimulus. This is a highly tested concept across critical care and anaesthesia boards, heavily relying on neuroanatomical principles. The definitive, evidence-based explanation for referred pain is

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Central and Peripheral Sensitization

Pain and Palliative Care Anesthesia /

Central and peripheral sensitization IASP Definitions & Taxonomy The foundation of any pain chapter must align with the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) taxonomy. Peripheral Sensitization: “Increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptive neurons in the periphery to the stimulation of their receptive fields” (Curatolo, 2024). It is clinically associated with primary

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Anatomical and physiological differences in child vs adult Anesthesia

Pediatric Anesthesia /

Anatomical and Physiological Differences: Child vs Adult Children and neonates in particular are not simply small adults. Every organ system undergoes structural and functional maturation over the first years of life, and these differences directly shape anaesthetic risk, airway management, drug dosing, fluid therapy and perioperative monitoring.  1. Body Size, Proportions & Surface Area Parameter

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BRACHIAL PLEXUS ANATOMY

Ortho and Regional Anesthesia /

 BRACHIAL PLEXUS ANATOMY Provides sensory and motor innervation to upper limb.   Formation– Constitutes anterior primary rami C5 – C8 along with T1. Pre-fixed plexus – C4 is involved Post- fixed plexus – T2 is involved Variations are often associated with cervical rib. Parts of the brachial plexus: Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, Branches.   Roots:

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